• Diabetes is a long-term metabolic disease marked by high blood sugar (glucose) levels, which can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves over time.

• Types of Diabetes:

  • Type 2 Diabetes:
    • Most common type, typically develops in adults.
    • Caused when the body becomes resistant to insulin.
  • Type 1 Diabetes:
    • Also known as juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes.
    • Chronic condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin, leading to high blood glucose.
    • Symptoms include increased urination, thirst, constant hunger, unexplained weight loss, vision changes, and fatigue.

• Symptoms:

• Type 1: Symptoms are more noticeable and include frequent urination, thirst, hunger, weight loss, vision changes, and fatigue.
• Type 2: Symptoms are similar to Type 1 but often milder, so it may go undiagnosed until complications arise.

• Importance of Early Diagnosis:

• Early detection and treatment improve long-term health outcomes.
• Regular health check-ups should include blood glucose, blood pressure tests, and screenings for eye, kidney, and foot health.

• Management Guidelines:

• Education: Learn about diabetes and its potential complications.
• Diet: Focus on regulating carbohydrates, fiber, and fat intake; eat balanced meals regularly.
• Physical Activity: Aim for 30 minutes of exercise, five times per week.
• Weight Management: Maintain a healthy weight according to BMI.
• Foot Care: Routine checks to prevent complications.
• Mental Health: Monitor for signs of depression.
• Lifestyle Choices: Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol.
• Medical Identification: Wear a diabetes notification bracelet.

• Treatment Approaches:

  • Type 1 Diabetes: Treatment starts with insulin and includes lifestyle modifications.
  • Type 2 Diabetes: Uses a stepwise approach, starting with oral medications and lifestyle adjustments.

Sources: World Health Organization (WHO), Department of Health RSA.